Evaluation of Banking Services for International Students

Evaluation of Banking Services for transnationalist savantsABSTRACTThe main look of the study was to evaluate the major savings entrusting institutes in Newcastle and distinguish the divine run and count on types avered to foreign bookmans. For the study, quaternary borders were selected among which trine were fall in Kingdom based and one was an external brink. The savings banks included in the study were HSBC, Lloyds TSB, Barclays and National Westminster (NatWest). By using two questionnaires one from the world(prenominal) students and former(a) from the bank personnel, the present study assessed the important factors that were considered substantive in selecting the bank and the importance of students as customers for the banks. The results suggested that there was little various in the basic facilities offered by the four banks, and Lloyds TSB was the close popular among the internationalist students due to its variety of student grades. In conclusion , the research offered an insight into the counseling and the merchandising strategies that banks can make use of to attract international students as volt days customers.CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the major banking institutes in Newcastle and distinguish the run and cast types offered to international students. For the study, four banks were selected among which three were United Kingdom based and one was an international bank. These banks wereHSBCLloyds TSBBarclaysNational Westminster (NatWest)The researcher comp ard the services, interest rate, fewer charges and the ease of accessibility of these banks to the international students with they region they resided and attended their respective colleges or universities.The topic of the present research was selected by the researcher because the issue of how international students select their banks in Newcastle has been given considerable attention by researchers. The reason for this is tha t most international students who come to Newcastle are without local bank accounts and in the long run most students necessity such a installment to knead on completing transactions such fees payments, living expense, accommodation and fulfillment of other fiscal involve. Investigating such information would assist banks to recognize the suitable management and marketing strategies required to attract naked as a jaybird students as customers and keep hold of existing ones (Kaynak Kucukemiroglu, 1992). The relevant literature indicates that a great deal of research attempt has been put into investigating the bank selection decisive factor for international students in the United Kingdom.Researches on bank management and marketing are not a new phenomenon. In fact, a lot has been written on the subject of bank management and marketing with the bulk of the literature relating to banking behavior of global customers. A broad range of marketing paradigms related to customers has been examined, including market separateation, attitudes, purpose, inclinations, bank loyalty, bank selection choices, bank representation, bank service value, contentment and multiple bank users (Garland two hundred2). One marketing concept related to customers that has fascinated abundance of researches has been the thought process of customers or the grounds on the basis of which customers decide to interact with ill-tempered banks (Anderson, Cox Fulcher, 1976 Evans, 1979 Kaynak, 1986 Boyd, Leonard White, 1994). A thorough examination of the present literature ascertains the generalization related to the thought process of retail customers. The population of interest in the huge bulk of such customer researches has been the general customer. Only a few of researches have intended for younger age groups such as the undergraduate dent of the market though all over past few years, the bank management have started to take vast interest in this ingredient of the population (Mokhlis, Nik phlegm Salleh 2008).Even though greater parts of undergraduate students are unemployed and their earning comes largely from educational loans, they offer an exceptional business opportunity for banks. First, in regards to their buy power, the student segment is growing and has turned lucrative (Ayadi 1996). With the development of educational services in United Kingdom, the amount of international students in further and higher(prenominal) education has been increasing rapidly over the years.Secondly, students are expected to require a bank account to settle their tuition fee or enatic funding and might be taking care of their personal financial matters for the low gear condemnation (Kaynak Whiteley 1999). Those students who do not yet hold bank accounts would be required to hold one as they begin college because all transactions are done through the students bank accounts. Regardless of their comparatively basic banking requirements, students are considered an important segment in the market at the level in the buying cycle where they might be more receptive to marketing strategies from financial institutions (Thwaites Vere, 1995). some other important feature of the student market is the possibility for above-average profitability. Lewis (1982) suggested that banks understood that it is important to attract students to open accounts when they begin college, in the expectation that they would stay with the by and by graduation, and be lucrative, in the long run, for the bank. The fundamental reason for this observation is that college student is the section of the population who has the likelihood of earning a larger income than any other section of the population. As stated by Duncan, Smeeding Rodgers (1992), plainly individuals who are studying have a considerably greater probability of rising from the low income strata into the middle class. Specially, as contrasted with non-graduates of similar age group, graduates usually secure more highly paid jobs, achieve a more developing career and thus, grow a film for a greater variety of personal financial services as they go by their own life cycle. The skill to build up an population in the student market through suitable attainment and maintenance strategies is thus expected to have an effect on banks future market allocate and revenue (Thwaites Vere, 1995). global students signify as a significant market for financial institutions such as banks. The skill to value, comprehend and deal with the precise needs of this segment section of the population is now a vital market reality (Cicic, Brkic, Agic, n.d). Bankers can no longer maintain their conventional belief that only business and salary earning customers will bring revenue to the bank. They must understand that student customers are withal possibly lucrative market section and horizon market earnings will be attained by banks only if they tar repay this up-and-coming section and win them (Grady Spen cer 1990). Banks that would get hold of student segment must know the significant factors that decide the basis upon which students choose between financial institutions (Kaynak Yavas 1985). Bank marketers must be capable of discerning what is central to student customers in the market and how their force compares with those of their competitors (Cicic, Brkic, Agic, n.d).United Kingdom has an extensive history of inviting international students to educate themselves in its colleges and universities. According to UCAS (2009), In the UK in 2009 there were 1.8 one million million million full-time undergraduate students in higher education, which included over 104,000 international students.? The rapid growth in the amount of international students in the past few years has become a significant supply of export revenues, and it surely has the ability for further rapid growth. It had been recommended that provided with the right support, the amount of international students studying in UK universities could more than double in the coterminous few years (Higher educations importance goes well beyond t distributivelying 2009).There are numerous factors involved in offering of student accounts in nearly all financial institutions. It might be due to growing the customer base or acquiring the new customers in the budding symbolize. In the contest to get hold of more and more customers and attract the younger generation, the financial institutions are offering respective(a) types of products and services.International students studying in the United Kingdom need to look after numerous things once they have arrived at their respective colleges and universities. These include accommodation, health, money matters, registration, and so forth But the first and the foremost duty of a student on arriving in United Kingdom is to open his or her account in stateliness to carry out the required financial transactions. Even though, the student cannot open a bank account u ntil he or she has arrived and enrolled at the college or the university, nevertheless Barclays now offers a bank account that can be undefendable before arriving in United Kingdom (International Student Handbook 2009).In order to open a bank account, an international student needs to first decide on the bank and the account that he or she requires. Some banks offer first-time students a Student consider with special advantages. However, each bank offers different facilities, and the student would need to compare and decide which one will be scoop out for him or her (International student banking Information 2009). Once the bank has been elect, the student needs to take his or her passport along with his or her student visa to the chosen bank. If the student belongs to EU, then he or she is also required to take the national photo identity bank bill as well (Opening a UK bank account 2003). Furthermore, the banks also require a letter or certificate from the university confirm ing the students United Kingdom study details. Moreover, in order to open an online or a telephone account, the bank may require more proof of the students identity (You can bank on it opening a bank account in the UK 2004). The reason for banks requiring proof of ID is because the law of UK states that all financial services companies must do everything they can to ensure their services are not creation used for financial crime. Because of this, banks must avoid accounts from being opened under fake identities. They must ask each and every individual who wants to open or operate a bank account for documents to prove their identity (International student opening a UK bank account, n.d)As Newcastle has gained the one of the top most fructify in the United Kingdom for further education, therefore the need for the student to open bank accounts to carry out their financial transactions has risen as well. This is because most international students who come to Newcastle are without loc al bank accounts and in the long run most students need such a facility to work on completing transactions such fees payments, living expense, accommodation and fulfillment of other financial needs. Thus, the banks have recognized the significance of international students as potential drop drop customer and it is due to this fact, the banks in Newcastle are aiming to improve their clientele by attracting students to open bank accounts in their respective bank through different marketing strategies and incentives. As a result, numerous bank representatives are seen roaming around in the first week of the academic year in various universities and colleges marketing their benefits to the potential customers. These bank representatives provide students with information regarding various services and benefits that are offered at their respective banks. They would also provide information regarding the different accounts that can be opened at the banks. The most common type of accounts areDeposit account or basic accountCurrent accountStudent accountThe banks also offer a number of facilities to their customer to make their financial transaction more convenient and easier. These facilities includeCash withdrawals available at Post built in bedDebit Card standard pressureATM CardDirect DebitOnline BankingTelephone Banking1.1 Research AimsThe basic aim of the research was to set out the cheapest bank account students can open.Compare HSBC, Lloyds Plc, Barclays and NatWest in Newcastle for their international student services.Availability of banks/ATMs in spite of appearance the student battlefield of Newcastle.1.2 Research ObjectivesThe objectives of the present research were toEvaluate the best account type to open for international students.Investigate the majority of bank accounts used by international students.Investigate the reason for international students choosing a certain bank to open their bank accounts.Study the geographic locations and ease of acces s to the banks within the region send offated to students and their life styles.Study the 4Ps (Product, Price, Promotion, Place) of the banks.Investigate the importance of students as potential customers for the banks.Find out the marketing and management strategies employed by the four banks.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWThe banks in todays world are trying to attract students to open their accounts at their banks. The reason for this is that the banks think about it in the long term point of view. To them a student is not a student a student is an individual who would have a career some day and this particular individual would be a loyal customer, would pay back his or her overdraft (sometimes with charges), need a loan or a mortgage and so on. Therefore, the perception of the student account summed up by the banks, is to facilitate the banking needs of the students who are working towards undergraduates. The basic banking needs that would help students fulfill their financial needs vary from bank to bank as different banks offer different products and services, such as cards, deposit slips and cheques, to its student customer.A small number of researches regarding the subject of bank selection decisive factor of international students in the UK have taken set up over the years. Gray (1977) examined student behavior regarding bank services in the UK. He suggested that convenience was the most vital factor affecting the students choice of bank. some other research by Lewis (1982) analyzed the banking behavior in students studying in the UK. A total experiment distribution of 716 students in 11 universities and colleges in the Greater Manchester area were inspected for the research. From findings of the study, it was detect that 92 per cent of students thought they would remain with their current bank until their course finished while 44 per cent considered carrying on with the same bank. Moreover, it was discovered that convenience of site of the bank and i ts facilities to college was the main factors influencing on students choice of bank.A study by Thwaites and Vere (1995), also taken place in UK, illustrated that nearness of an ATM to the educational institution, surplus banking service and student offers were the main three reasons used by students in choosing the banks to deal with.The present study was focused on researching the main facilities provided by HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest in their student account. Furthermore, the researcher also studied the extra facilities provided by each of the bank in the student account. The study helped the researcher get a general overview of the banking facilities provided to international student that were offered by HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest. Thus, the researcher was able to move forward and decide upon the most feasible and the optimum choice of international students regarding the bank and the bank account.The review of the literature was mainly focused upon the products and services offered by the four banks HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest to international students. Furthermore, the extra facilities that differentiated one bank from the other were also thoroughly studied in the literature review.National Westminster Bank Plc or generally known as NatWest is a part Europes second largest bank, the regal Bank of Scotland Group. In order to make the students financial transactions convenient and easier, NatWest has fifty five branches in the countrys largest universities. Moreover, NatWest also has 1650 branches that are more than any of the commercialized banks in the country. To benefit the students who come to study in the United Kingdom from overseas, NatWest has offered a Blue International count that charges a fee of 6.95 pounds monthly. This account facilitates international students by offering them an International Student Identity Card (ISIC) which enables the full time students more than 40,000 travel, online and lifest yle discounts within the region and abroad. Furthermore, the Blue International Account provides with a useful guide that contains information on banking in the UK and advice on how to manage finances as a student. The guide is available in 5 different languages. NatWest has also made transfer of funds for students easier as now they can easily bring money from their home country and pay their step online. Moreover, the bank also offers both online and telephone banking to international students to keep a check of their finances during any part of the day. NatWest also offers the students nimble phone top-up facility along with mobile phone banking and text alerts regarding the finances. Another significant aspect of Blue International Account is insurance which allows students to insure mobile phone and other gadgets. in like manner, the bank offers the students an Orange SIM card for the mobile that dials to more than 50 countries for 5p per minute. NatWest also provides it st udent customers with discounts like saving 1/3 on rail fares if the students age ranges between 16 and 25 all the way through Great Britain for a whole year. Also, if the tickets are booked through the NatWest Box Office, then students gain vigor a 25% discount on tickets to the plays, concerts and other events (Advantage Blue International student option 2010).The worlds local bank, HSBCs international network comprises of over 9800 offices in 77 countries along with 59,000 Link ATMs in the United Kingdom (HSBC Passport 2010). The bank offers a dedicated package known as the Passport Account for international students with 24 hours access to their money but with no credit or draft facilities. Students holding a passport account at HSBC are supercharged 6 pounds a month for a period of 12 months after which renewal of the account is mandatory (HSBC Passport 2010). The bank further provides passport holders with a Western Union Gold Card on which the students can earn points and ma ke saving on transaction fees when sending money bank home. Also students can receive a discount of 4 pounds on international money transfer fee. The Passport Account at HSBC also offers its students customers with both lucre and telephone banking. Moreover, the bank provides the students with Maestro Debit card and Direct Debit or standing orders and access to saving accounts with high interest (Comparison of banking facilities offered in Oxford by the major banks 2009). There is a special UK relocation service offered by the bank with relocation advice in eight different languages. The students can also receive a UK SIM card with 10 pounds of free credit along with low cost international calls. International students can also open a base Account at HSBC which is easy to comprehend and administer. The benefits of opening a Basic Account are that firstly, students can check balances, get statements and make withdrawals of up to 200 pounds with their basic bank account card at HSBC bank cash machines in UK. Secondly, students can also access up to 200 pounds per day over Post Office counters with basic bank account card and PIN numbers. Regular bills can be paid standing orders and direct debits can be set up on the account. Also students can enjoy free internet and telephone banking (HSBC Passport 2010).The Lloyds TSB Group is a renowned UK-based financial service organization that offers complete banking and financial services in both United Kingdom and abroad. There are thirteen branches of Lloyds within the designated area for international students within Newcastle (Student Account 2010). There is a variety of Lloyds TSB student accounts to select from, depending on the requirements and situations. It has the most number of accounts available to offer to international students for free and minimum of 7.95 pounds monthly is charged for silver account and accounts such as gold have a higher fee rate with more facilities (Student Account 2010). The Lloyds Student Account has been presented with 5 Star Rating by Defaqto for its outstanding variety of attributes and advantages. There are three types of student accounts that students can choose from at Lloyds (Student Account 2010). Firstly, the Student Account offers a Debit Card and a Master Card. Also it provides with a free NUS Extra card and a years free mobile phone insurance. The students can receive up to 75 pounds cashback and free music downloads while using the Lloyds Student Bank Account. The facilities of internet banking, phone bank and free text alerts is also offered along with the benefit of saving the change in which surplus cash is moved into a savings account each month (Comparison of banking facilities offered in Oxford by the major banks 2009). Another type of student account offered is the Islamic Student Account which carries the same benefits as the Student Account but with the guarantee that the money will be held in reserve in accordance with Shariah (Islamic Law). Moreover, the student is given the option to utilize other non-Shariah benefits if they wish. The tertiary type of bank account offered to students is the Graduate Account which receives a Classic credit card with at least 500 credit limit. The facility of internet banking is also provided and commission-free travel money is given as well (Student Account 2010).Barclays is one of the worlds top most banks. Their status has been created on over 300 years of services. Barclays is an international bank with its branches in more than 60 countries. Barclays offers an International Student Account known as the iBank Student that can be opened before arriving in United Kingdom (iBank Student and foreign student bank accounts with Barclays Wealth International 2010). iBank Student is offered for a small monthly charge of 5 and a opening balance of 1,000. The iBank Student account is an international account also available in sterling, US dollar and euro. The VISA debit card can be co nnected in sterling and is accepted in 22 million locations around the world (iBank Student and foreign student bank accounts with Barclays Wealth International 2010). Students can also receive discounts up to 25% on Hewlett Packard laptops, desktops and accessories. The account offers easy access and a savings account in which funds can be deposited and withdrawn whenever the customer wishes. The savings account can also be opened to earn higher interest by the student (Comparison of banking facilities offered in Oxford by the major banks 2009). The student can also gain access to complete collection of savings and investments or balances of 10,000 or more. International telephone and online banking is available 24 hours to operate money in diverse currencies and time zones. The bank also offers expert advice from our mortgage advisers to help the student or his or her parents to buy property in UK (iBank Student and foreign student bank accounts with Barclays Wealth International 2010).The literature review on the different services offered by HSBC, Lloyds TSB, Barclays and NatWest indicated that all of the banks provide students with the basic services that are required to fulfill the financial transactions, however, the Student Account product is structured in various ways, in accordance with the style, strategy and control affairs of each bank.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 SampleThe present study was an investigation into student banking arrangements at four major banks- HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest- in the Newcastle area, and recommendations as to which provided the best services to international students. A sample of 100 subjects, including both males and females, ranging from the ages of 18 to 28 years, was drawn from different areas in Newcastle, United Kingdom. All the subjects were international students belonging to Newcastle university dormitories, Northumbria dormitories and Newcastle college campus in Newcastle. Another sample of 40 subject s, both males and females, was drawn from bank personnel of HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest. 10 employees from each bank were drawn as a sample. Further information from both international students and bank personnel was gathered regarding age, gender, education, accommodation, etc.3.2 Sampling StrategyThe sampling strategy employed in the research was Stratified Random Sampling. Stratified Random Sampling also referred as proportionalorquotarandom sampling, is separating the population into akin subgroups and then drawing a simple random sample from each subgroup (Trochim, 2006).The reason for employing Stratified Random Sampling was that it enabled the researcher to draw a sample of international students from the total population and then draw a random sample among the international students to administer the questionnaire. Same was the case with the questionnaire from the banking personnel.For the present study, both immemorial and secondary researches were carried out. The use of both primary and secondary researches enabled the researcher to not only gather facts and figures about the products and services the different banks offered but it allowed analysis of the arrangements that the banks offered to international students through these products and services.3.3 Primary Research3.3.1 Questionnaire for StudentsA questionnaire was distributed among international students of Newcastle to find out which of the bank accounts was used most by the students. The questionnaire also had questions concerned with why the students chose a certain bank among HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest and what features of that bank attracted them the most. There were questions designed to investigate the geographic locations and ease of access to these banks within the region designated to students and their life styles.The questionnaire was divided into three sections. The first section dealt with gathering the information regarding the student respondent. This section included questions on age, gender, and educational level, how the student was funding his/her education, his/her tuition fee, maintenance cost, etc.The second section of the questionnaire was designed to gain an insight in the respondents history of banking. This section included questions on the number of accounts the student held previously and the type of account he/she held.The undermentioned section that is the last section was regarding the respondents experience of banking in Newcastle with the four banks HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest. The questions in this section also dealt with the importance of different offered services to the respondent, factors that were involved in the students choosing a certain bank. Furthermore, questions on comparison of the four banks in Newcastle that is, HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest on the difference of the services and the type of accounts the respondent held at these banks were also included.3.3.2 Questionnaire fo r Bank PersonnelAnother questionnaire was designed to gather data from the bank personnel of HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest. These questions were related to how important potential student customers were to their organization. Furthermore, the questions also investigated the management and marketing strategies these banks used.This questionnaire was also divided into three sections. The first section of the questionnaire was designed to provide a profile of the bank employee who responded to the survey. Questions on age, gender, the bank they were currently working for and their designation at the bank were included.The next section was regarding the importance of students as customers to these banks. In this section, the banking personnel were asked questions regarding whether it was important to have students as their customers, the type of accounts held by the students, why the students chose their bank over their competitors and the significance of different types of ser vices offered at their banks.The third section was related to the marketing strategies, that is, the 4Ps that the banks used to attract students. This section included questions on the product, price, promotion and place of the products and services offered to the international students.3.3.3 Consent LetterAll the participants in the study were given a consent letter, which gave them the right to withdraw any information at any stage of the research. Also the authority and confidentiality of the people was confirmed3.3.4 Cover LetterA cover letter was attached to both the questionnaires which explained the aims and objectives of the research to the respondents. It gave information about the time that the questionnaire would take to complete. Furthermore, it explained the privacy and the confidentiality of the information gathered. .3.4 Secondary ResearchSecondary research was also employed in the present study. The purpose for this was to gather data regarding each bank from interne t, books, articles and international account handbooks. The use of secondary research enabled the researcher to gather information regarding the various products and services offered to international students by these banks. Furthermore, it also intensify the level of objectivity involved in the research as the data was gathered from other sources.3.5 Research DesignA comparative research design was employed in the study. A comparative research design evaluates two or more groups on one variable (McMillan 1991). This was employed because the research is an investigation in to student banking arrangements at four major banks in the Newcastle area, and recommendations as to which provide the best services to international students (HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest). Thus, it was a comparison of the four banks as to which offered the best and the cheapest services to international students.3.6 ProcedureIn order investigate into student banking arrangements at four major banks- H SBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest- in the Newcastle area, and recommendations as to which provided the best services to international students, a sample of 100 subjects, ranging from the ages of 18 to 28 years, was drawn from Newcastle, United Kingdom. All the subjects were international students belonging to Newcastle university dormitories, Northumbria dormitories and Newcastle college campus in Newcastle. Another sample of 40 subjects was drawn from bank personnel of HSBC, Lloyds plc, Barclays and NatWest. A comparative research design was employed in the research which is aimed the comparison of two or more groups on one variable (McMillan 1991). Stratified random sampling was used. First of all written permission was taken from the heads of educational institutions and the banks. They were briefed about the research, its significance, time involved and the procedure. Furthermore, the sample population was informed and consent forms were distributed. Also the authority and c onfidentiality of the people was confirmed. Individual testing was carried out. One time approach to the participants was used for data collection. The subjects were administered the questionnaires. The testing e

Importance of Community Health

Importance of biotic connection wellnessHolly BolickWhen it comes to wellnessc are and management, community health serves as a critical piece of the puzzle. Public or community health can be defined in a myriad of ways. In prevalent, it is the portion of healthcare focused on protecting and improving the health of the whole population, which could be seen as entire country or a small town (CDC Foundation, 2017, para. 2). Community health proves to be a vital and necessary component of quality healthcare across the globe.While this definition is easily understood, one must besides appreciate how community health differs from personal health. While personal health focuses on the individual, worldly concern health places emphasis on the health of a assort as a whole. In other words, community health speaks to a broad realm of healthcare, while personal health has a more condense concentration all the way down to a precise being. All of this is important to understand in rega rd to community health and domain health assessments.Public Health AssessmentsA key way that domain health is continually evaluated is through community health assessments. Definitively speaking, a community or public health assessment is meant to serve as an ongoing improvement process that functions to identify community wide health problems along with policy formation, execution of a solution, and evaluation (NACCHO, 2016, para. 1). This is a way for individuals to analyze if certain new changes or policies that involve community health are actually working.Public health assessments withdraw many advantages. Not only do assessments help communities identify major health problems specific to a particular area, but they can also wait on in identifying possible ways to address those problems. Each distinct community has different health issues and different resources to combat those issues. With that being said, it is important that all communities burgeon forth part in public health assessments. Through data and research, it has also been found that community health improvement plans and health assessments lead to better public health actions and improved decision making (Rabarison, Timsina, Mays, 2015, p. 2526). Better health choices made by the public is the ultimate goal of community health assessments, therefore, their benefits, when make correctly, are excessive.Although the advantages are great, disadvantages are also possible. Unfortunately, many resources needed for accurate health assessments are limited, as well as the resources to implement change. In addition to this, when public health assessments are performed, sometimes changes need to be made. For example, if a public health assessment was conducted in a local area on chemicals in paint and they found a certain chemical needed to be eradicated in all types of paint, then this finding would cause some animosity. People who leave used the certain paint would become upset and want to know what to do and businesses that made or sold the paint might face monetary loss. While the assessment was necessary and the finding will eventually result in healthier paint, the initial stun of the discovery will be seen as an inconvenience. Even so, these assessments are necessary to the health of the community.Public PolicyThe overall purpose of a public health assessment is to identify a health problem and changes that need to be made in order to fix that problem. From these assessments that are implemented, public policy can be formed. Sometimes these policies can be established on a community level, while others may be state and federal mandated. The leader of a community may introduce a specific policy about smoking in public places, while the federal government may create a policy school lunches in response to childhood obesity. Either way, the information and data obtained from public health assessments is utilized to best create a policy that would target the problem and hopefully begin to eradicate it.Health Concerns and LegislationsA major health concern in the fall in States that prevents to be addressed today is that of smoking. While there are not any federal legislations specific to smoking in public places, there are many other laws that affect smoking in general and their sales. These legislations do work toward improving public health. With that being said, certain states do have laws restricting the use of tobacco in public places such as restaurants, parks, and so on.One recent federal legislation that stands out is the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. It is controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and requires process of monition labels on tobacco products, requires tobacco companies to submit necessary information to the FDA, forbids flavored tobacco products, and more (HHS.gov, 2017, para. 17). This legislation has already impacted every community in the United States. Warning labels for cigarettes are detailed and graphic. Advertisements for tobacco products are limited and controlled. Tobacco is now seen for all its detrimental effects instead of a typical amusement like it was in previous decades.The issue of smoking and how it affects the general public is continually being researched. America has had much progress in this area, but whitewash has a long way to go. One can be certain that legislations in regards to smoking in order to benefit the public will continue to be made.ConclusionPublic health is a subject that seems to be rising in importance in todays world. It has been found that the health of the general community as a whole does make a difference when it comes to individual health. With that being said, public health assessments help to identify concerns and address what could be done to fix them. These assessments can lead to community wide changes, as well as new federal legislations. It is important to be aware of public health concerns and why these assessmen ts are so important.ReferencesCDC Foundation. (2017). Retrieved February 12, 2017, from https//www.cdcfoundation.org/content/what-public-healthNACCHO. (2016). Community Health Assessment and Improvement Planning. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from http//www.naccho.org/programs/public-health-infrastructure/community-health-assessment?p=chachipgeneralHHS.gov. (2017). Laws/Policies. Retrieved February 14, 2017, from https//betobaccofree.hhs.gov/laws/Rabarison, K. M., Timsina, L., Mays, G. P. (2015). Community Health Assessment and Improved Public Health Decision-Making A Propensity Score Matching Approach. American Journal Of Public Health, 105(12), 2526-2533. doi10.2105/AJPH.2015.302795

Nils Christie: Theory on Causes of Crime

Nils Christie Theory on Causes of CrimeIt is postulated that the phenomenon offensive does not exist, although we piece of ass study its negative consequences of it upon society by means of snatchs. Many definitions of shame have been certain, the most simplistic definition of a iniquitous act being acts that break legislation outlined in law however this differs from that of a normative perspective aversions atomic build 18 acts which can offend against a set of norms similar to a moral code. When trying to meet the notion of crime it is paramount to understand what acts are and why certain acts are criminalised but not all. A Utilitarian standpoint would be that laws should be focussed towards achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, a principle known as the greatest happiness principle a theory developed by Philippa Foot (1978). Law under capitalism would be geared to protect property rights and affirm the kindly order. With this philosophic al theory in mind, wholeness can contend that acts are crimes for the reason they have negative effects on society. I will use a collection of examples to give explanations to comments from Norwegian criminologist Nils Christie focussing on its implications for explaining crime. In addition to this I will briefly outline what criminology is and its connection with the creation of crime.Crime as a concept is comparatively recent. Crime was not known by its name in the 16th and 17th centuries, the word was current but it lacked precise meaning, (Elton 19775). provided from having no awareness of crime, we now have a global awareness of the subject. Since the emergence of crime as a concept it has al ways been a highly contested name which has been debated within studies ever since, with criminologists, sociologists and philosophers all creating new theories for it. As mentioned crime does not exist, law constructs crime for us. In a sense we actually create crime by producing la w we past in turn make crime, without legislation there would be no sense of criminality. A world with no criminal system would mean no courts, prisons or criminals. It important to re portion that criminal law is not the only form of law as there is besides civil law. Criminal law can be is punitive where as civil law is based on restitution.If crime does not exist almost might question what criminology is. My personal favourite and one of the most detailed explanation is that of D. Garland I take criminology to be a specific writing style of discourse and inquiry about crime a genre that has developed in the modern period and that can be distinguished from other ways of talking and thinking about criminal conduct. Thus, for example, criminologys claim to be an empirically grounded, scientific undertaking sets it apart from moral and legal discourses, while its focus upon crime differentiates it from other social scientific genres, such as the sociology of deviance and control , whose objects of study are broader and not defined by the criminal law. Since the middle years of the twentieth century, criminology has also been increasingly marked off from other discourses by the trappings of a distinctive identity, with its own journals, professional associations, professorships, and institutes, (Of Crime and Criminals 2002, p8). This quote affirms what I mentioned precedent regarding the emergence of crime as a concept over the last couple of centuries or so, especially how we have developed new ways to pick out with behaviour deemed criminal. He also highlighted the studies unique outlook and strong holds on the studies development of theories concerning criminal deviance.I will now concentrate on the important theme of my essay using examples to explain the comments of criminologist Nils Christie assessing their implications for explaining crime. The University of Oslo criminologist disliked the term crime, I dont like the term crime-its such a big, fat , imprecise word, there are only outcaste acts. How we perceive them depends on our relationship with those who carry them out. Here Christie is very critical of the term describing it is as in accurate and stating that there is no such object it is merely acts. Nils Christie also believes how we observe these acts depends on our association with those who have carried the out the act.Further more(prenominal) Christie supports D. Garlands view crime is not a touchable motif, thus it does not exist. Only acts exist, acts often given different meanings within various social formworks. Acts and the meanings given to them are our data. Our challenge is to follow the destiny of acts through the universe of meanings. Particularly, what are the social conditions that encourage or prevent giving the acts the meaning of being crime? (Christie, 2004 3). Here he has taken his previous idea I stated earlier acts do not exist, then added another(prenominal) aspect to it by suggesting the mea nings given to them can aid us as social scientists in our research into the phenomenon. He is hinting that the social frameworks within society lead people to commit crime, the reasons for committing a crime can be economical, personal or semipolitically motivated.Christie was mainly concerned with crime control and prison populations. He believed there was an unlimited supply of crime that crime as a concept would never be stick with extinct in a sense as there would always be motives for individuals to be deviant such as political or financial rewards, this new situation, with an unlimited reservoir of acts which can be defined as crimes, also creates unlimited possibilities for warfare as against all sorts of unwanted acts, (Crime control as industry towards gulags, western style, Nils Christie). This statement by Christie can be affirmed by examining unwanted acts those made by the Provisions Irish Republican Army. There are a multitude of factors which create conditions for a nd exasperate what has come to be interpreted as crime. These are through a number of social frameworks such as class and nationality. These are all social constructs and are integral parts of capitalism and prevailing capitalist ideology.The Norwegians analysis can be applied to many situations a political example of this is booking between the Provision Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the British Government. The issue start started in the 1920s during the Irish war of independence, when the Republican Army launched guerrilla warfare over British rule in Ireland. There was little conflict between the two sides until 30 January 1972 now known as bloody Sunday. On the day mentioned British soldiers shot twenty-seven civil rights protestors, killing xiii while patrolling, as a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march took place. This created uproar as the civilians whom were shot were Catholics, restarting the tension between Northern Ireland and British Government. Although the tentative Irish Republican Armys movement against the partition of Ireland in fact started two years previous to the tragic day the intensity and media coverage of the deaths led to member levels of the group rapidly escalating. To refer back to Christies ideology this example can be described as under the umbrella of nationality and religious social frame works. British Government viewed the IRA as terrorists after several planned attacks within Britain including a Bank robbery on a bank in Belfast in 2004 where they escaped with 26.5 million.The Provisional Irish Republicans felt they were protecting their nation from British involvement in addition to gaining revenge for subjection they set about during British occupancy of Ireland. This was a crime born of social circumstances, as crime does not exist only acts they thought of their acts as justifiable. If this is the case then were their acts unlawful? Here is a great example of how implications on explaining crime due to different ideology and theories can create a dilemma. Despite the oppression and hardships the Provisional Irish Republican Army felt they received due to the British Government, I feel it is morally wrong to take the life of another individual so their attacks on Birmingham and various other places in Britain was legally unjust.Christie argues throughout his work that crime is a fluid and shallow notion stating that acts may perhaps be constructed as criminal and unlimited thus making crime an endless concept. This links back to the argument that the concept of crime is socially constructed, we create crime. Crime could not continue to exist without legislation we tell the legal system what is right and what is wrong, legal, illegal, just and unjust. To further this idea, in a sense we as a society increase and decrease crime rates, by making an act unlawful we are ever-increasing the chances of someone then committing a crime. capitalism has been another major motivator for pe ople committing crimes or as described by Christie unwanted acts, (A Suitable amount of Crime, P7). Firstly capitalism promotes a unreasonable material world in which people feel they must have the finest mobile phones, televisions, cars and housing. This is hypocritical as in actual fact it develops a more unequal society in terms of distribution of power, wealth and resources with a lower chance of social mobility. As a force of this some individuals caught up in the longing for material goods due to the scarcity they feel they may begin stealing as a means to allow them to afford objects they desire. However Nils Christie believed for all acts including those seen as unwanted, there are dozens of possible alternatives to their understanding bad, mad, evil, misplaced honour, youth bravado, political heroism or crime, (A Suitable Amount of Crime, P7). Christie demonstrates that an act deemed illegal may be committed due to a variety of reasons. The example where someone feels the y have no alternative than to thieve can come under the social frame work of disparity economically disadvantaged. It would be wrong to say this comment from the criminologist has had a vaster enough affect on how crime is explained however perhaps if a few more social scientists were to entertain this idea there might be a small shift in the way we define the concept. If this were to happen we may see a change in how the legal system deals with acts similar to that capitalism discussed above. The economic system produces inequality which leads to crime. This could have a knock on affect with capitalism in a capitalist society most laws exist to protect the status quo hence crimes which do not go against capitalism are normally a by product of it e.g. power crime from the hierarchy which it creates.Labelling theory can be brought into the argument of there not being a concept of crime, only acts. The theory states deviance is not a quality of the act because but the result of trai ts associated with committing deviance.ReferencesPhilippa Foot, The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect in Virtues and Vices (Oxford Basil Blackwell, 1978)(Elton 19775). Look up, references on mole..Crime control as industry towards gulags, western style, Nils Christie rogue 23. Page 3.A Suitable Amount of Crime

Confucianism, Daoism & Legalism Essay -- essays research papers

Amidst the chaos of political instability and constant warring of the grub era, arose many intellectual thinkers that brought such profound impact in the field of politics, religion and philosophy. Even to the day, their influence can be espied in the many matters of China. Confucianism became the preponderant school of thinking and later significant philosophies such as Daoism and Legalism gained immense recognition as well. Each party had their own proposals for creating an idealistic political auberge where the many problems they faced in their perpetuallyyday lives could be eliminated. All three approaches were very distinct but at the same time, they contained certain similarities as well. In my reasoning, I find that Confucianism and Daoism could be paralleled in many ways to find several common grounds. On the other hand, Legalism goes on to take a more(prenominal) unique approach which was much different from the previous two.      Kongzi (Confucius, a Latinized severalize) was born in 551 B.C.E., to a poor family of the lower nobility. Throughout his life, he relentlessly time-tested to gain an office with a prominent ruler of the time who was willing to adopt his various concepts. Unfortunately, Confucius died in 479 B.C.E., before such a change ever took place. However, he succeeded in winning over a handful of devote followers who continued his legacy and Confucianism later went on to become one of the almost influential suasion systems of Chinese history. Of his followers, Mencius and Xunzi became the most re like a shotn. Since Confucius did not succeed in completing a manual of his views, these followers had to derive their own interpretations of the system which now formulate, the Analects. The Analects portray an idealized gentleman, and his various duties in terms of the society, family and the rituals. Confucius explains about the way (Dao) which he believed, that if the people accepted its terms and were willing to abide, they would succeed in creating a utopian society.     By the beginning of the common era, another philosophy emerges and gains wide acceptance among the commoners. Daoism, just like the predecessor and also as the name implies, puts emphasis on "the way," that a certain individual is to abide to. Even though the two systems had different concepts about the way, the common denominator of both schools ... ...    Morality and benevolence were crucial factors for a successful state, according to Confucianism and Daoism. They also placed great importance for rituals and other traditions. Many practices were continued throughout generations. Legalism believed that such aspects should have no role in the government. According to them, a strong rule with a strict hand was necessary in order to keep the citizens from growing work-shy and disrespecting the authority.      Out of the three different thought systems, L egalism was a success in the sense that it achieved what the other two systems desperately strove for - the unification of China. "Qin conquered Yan in 226, Wei in 225, Chu in 223, Qu in 221. Now, in 221, it ruled the entire Chinese world and was ready to make that world over in the image of Qin" (Wills 41). Many of the Legalist ideas were quite thought provoking and praiseworthy they believed in equality for all and government according to merit. However, the system gained a rotten reputation according to the ruthless rule of the depression Emperor. Confucianism thus became the official Philosophy, gaining wide acceptance in China.

The Death Penalty is Wrong Essay -- essays research papers fc

     The death penalty is absolutely outrageous. There is no real reason that the government should feel that it has the right to penalize people. Capital penalization is murder just as much as the people being executed murdered. The is no need for the death penalty and it need to be abolished. It goes against the Constitution which states that there will be no cruel and unusual punishment. There is nonhing crueler than killing a person.     A perfect case of the death penalty going awry is the state of Illinois. Former governor George Ryan has put a stay on all executions. This came as a dissolver of finding thirteen death row inmates not guilty of their convicted crimes. Also, by staying executions, Illinois is not spending the tierce vitamin C million dollars to almost three hundred men and women to death row in the past twenty two years (Ryan 14). That is a ridiculous amount of m geniusy to send only three hundred to death row, mak ing it approximately one million dollars a person. Those people make up only two percent of all convicted murders in Illinois (Ryan 14). This leaves ninety ogdoad percent of killers in jail. Why are only three hundred people acceptable to kill when the other ninety eight percent are not? In New York as well, prosecutors put one across only sought capital punishment in twelve out of one hundred ninety eight possible cases. They have gear up that the penalty of life without the chance of parole works well, and have come to prefer it (Shipp).     Without the philosophical system of life without parole, inmates who are tried for the death penalty are tried unfairly. In the year 2000 in Illinois, eight out of ten inmates sentenced to capital punishment were minorities (Mendieta). Minority inmates constitute 83% of those who have thus far been shown to be wrongfully convicted. One study has shown that people who murdered white people were found more likely to be se ntenced to death than people who have murdered African Americans (The Death Penalty is Wrong. Dead Wrong).Between 1930 and 1990, 4,016 persons were executed in the unite States. Of these, 2,129(or 53 percent) were black (Bedau). But race is still not the only discrimination. During the 1980s and aerially 1990s, only about 1 percent of all those on death row were women, even though women commit about 15 percent of all cri... ...s even more wrong to kill those people instead of forcing them to live day after day in a tiny cell to think about, and hopefully, feel remorseful about killing. Ending the lives of these criminals is letting them have the easy way out, which is certainly not what they deserve at all. The government needs to imprison these criminals because there is always a possibility that the person convicted is not guilty and if they were killed the government could do nothing at all to console those poor families of the wrong victim.Works CitedBedau, Hugo Adam. The Cas e Against the Death Penalty. July 1992. ACLU Free Reading Room. 14 May 2003. .Mandieta, Ana. Death Penalty Still Unfair, Report Says. Chicago Tribune. 31 Jan 2001.Ryan, Bill. "Abolish the Death Penalty." Chicago Tribune. 05 Jan 2001 14."Second Judge Rules Against Death Penalty." Christian Century. 09 Oct 2002 15.Shipp, E.R. "Justices Doubts slog Case Against Death Penalty." Daily News. 10 July 2001.Willing, Richard. "Fight Against Death Penalty Gains Ground." USA Today. 11 Feb 2002 3a.The Death Penalty is Wrong. Dead Wrong. 01 Aug 1999. 14 May 2003 .

Modern Art Essay -- Manet, Rembrandt, Gaugin

This paper references the following worksOlympia. Edouard Manet. 1863. Oil on canvas. H. 130 W. 190 cm. Paris, Muse dOrsay Self Portrait. Rembrandt. 1660. Oil on canvas. 31.61 x 26.5 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Self Portrait Dedicated to capital of Minnesota Gaugin. Vincent van Gogh. 1888. Oil on canvas. 60.5 x 49.4 cm. Fogg Art Museum, Harvard UniversityPieta. Anabale Carricci. 1600. Oil on canvas. 149 x 156 cm. Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. charr with Dead Child. Kathe Kollowitz. 1903. Etching. 39 x 48 cm. To the casual viewer, Modern inventionifice is often shocking, amusing, indecipherable and unnerving because art has always been understood in terms of traditional representation. However at the turn of the nineteenth century, European artists began to rebel against the institution of classical art. To gain success as an artist in Europe up until this time, acceptance by the Royal Academies of Art was essential (Rosenfeld 2000). The approved styl e was that of classical antiquity depicting idealised historical, mythological and apparitional scenes and because the Academies controlled official patronage for artists, they set the rules for standards of beauty in art (Rosenfeld 2000). However with the rise of modernity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, art theory evolved. Modernity in this period was characterised by rapid growth of industry and technology in the city, which meant substantial social and economic innovation crossways Europe. Feelings of anxiety and instability accompanied this rapid transformation (Sturken and Cartwright 2009, 449) and lead to a self-conscious awareness within artists and consumers alike. So strongly were the changes felt that artists began reinterpreting traditional repress matter to reflect this new modern age. Ultimately, Modern artists sought truth over beauty, a concept which encompassed both the physicality of painting as a medium as well as the artists sense of self in an endeavour to create pure art (Greenberg). Academic art strove to overcome the limitations of painting as a medium surface flatness, canvas structure and properties of paint pigment (Kleiner 2009, 822), to create illusions of space and aesthetics. Modern artists reacted by emphasising the said(prenominal) properties to communicate original insights and observations. However, the popular notion that Modernism was a... ...3857?accountid=10382 (accessed Feb 4, 2015)Figure 2. Olympia. Edouard Manet. 1863. Oil on canvas. H. 130 W. 190 cm. Paris, Muse dOrsay offered to the French State by public subscription initiated by Claude Monet, 1890 RMN-Grand Palais (Muse dOrsay) / Herv Lewandowski. Reproduced from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/cultureshock/flashpoints/visualarts/olympia_a.html (accessed Feb 4, 2015).Figure 3. Self Portrait. Rembrandt. 1660. Oil on canvas. 31.61 x 26.5 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. http//totallyhistory.com/self-portrait-altman/ (accessed Feb 4, 2015)Fig ure 4. Self Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gaugin. Vincent van Gogh. 1888. Oil on canvas. 60.5 x 49.4 cm. Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. http//www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/gogh/self/gogh.self-gauguin.jpg (accessed Feb 4, 2015)Figure 5. Pieta. Anabale Carricci. 1600. Oil on canvas. 149 x 156 cm. Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. http//www.wikipaintings.org/en/annibale-carracci/pieta-1600 (accessed Feb 4, 2015)Figure 6. Woman with Dead Child. Kathe Kollowitz. 1903. Etching. 39 x 48 cm. oj0 http//hammer.ucla.edu/programs/detail/program_id/204 (accessed Feb 4, 2015)

Alcohol :: Alcoholism

After doing some research on alcohol I keep back come to the realization that inebriation is a disease that affects millions of lives everyday. In the following essay I will discuss some things that I have learned and I will puree to give a clear understanding on what steps I will need to take to make appropriate choices in the future. I have learned that alcohol is non all fun and games. It affects many aspects in a persons life. I learned of the affects it has on my reaction time, my neuronal system, obviously my thought process, and also my reproductive system. Alcohol kills in many ways if it becomes an abused substance. It plays a major role in more than fractional of all automobile accidents. Drinking and capricious is dangerous not only to yourself but to others to. Plus it is not worth acquire caught by the jurisprudence driving under the influence.Not only have I became more knowledgeable about the affects of make happying but I have learned that if I chose to drin k not to take the risk of drinking on campus. West Chester has strict rules about this policy and I am now aware of such consequences of getting caught. But I had the worst of it being that I was holding the bag and that we got caught by the police. Now I have to deal with the West Chester bureau police as well, which will wind up many more things happening to me, including going to court and probably getting a hefty fine as well as my license taken away. Some good advice I might have for someone who chooses to drink on campus is dont. It is not worth getting caught by the school and possibly the police. If you do choose to drink do it on safe grounds such as persons house or apartment. But even then it is still possible to get caught by the guard beings that you may be too intoxicated. So the best advice I could give someone is to sleep over a friends house off campus somewhere and stay out of difficultness with the school because in the